ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses belong to the largest group of viruses that elicit acute respiratory, enteric and systemic infections in an extensive range of hosts. A few coronaviruses from animals can progress into a new human coronavirus that can spread from person to person. On February 12, 2020, WHO officially termed the disease as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is a newly emerging viral disease that has an effect on the lower respiratory tract and shows as pneumonia. Despite laborious efforts for worldwide lockdown and quarantine, the occurrence of COVID-19 continues to increase. Proper and well-designed strategies are needed to reduce social and economic consequences arisen due to this pandemic disease. Presently, there is no effective specific vaccine and anti-viral drug supported by great-level confirmation, but dexamethasone is approved in the UK for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients (patients on ventilators and patients requiring only oxygen) on June 16, 2020. Further research is required to clarify the factors that affect virus pathogene-sis and lethal infections.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
A virus known as novel corona (SARS-CoV-2) which causes COVID-19 pandemic disease is an invisible enemy, appeared for the first time in the world's most populous country, China, and became a reason for causing death of many people all over the world. As a result of this, a remarkable investigation and clinical trials are ongoing to discover the treatment for this devastating pandemic disease. Effective vaccines and anti-viral treatments are immediately required in order to control and eradicate the disease. But still, neither vaccine nor any drug is approved for prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic. Proper and well-designed strategies are needed to reduce social and economic consequences arisen due to this pandemic disease. There are some drugs that are used for other diseases which are showing valuable outcomes to elicit the virus causing COVID-19. However, there are no approved drugs full of clinical evidence. A systematic review literature search was carried out from different electronic databases to identify available articles on the effectiveness of drugs against COVID-19.Four therapies suggested recently via World Health Organization (abbreviated "WHO") that were later incorporated for under taking efficient clinical trial of the newly established project (European Discovery), comprise remdesivir, combination of anti-viral drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir), lopinavir plus ritonavir with beta interferon, and anti-malarial drugs like hydroxyl chloroquine and chloroquine. On May 25 2020, hy-droxychloroquine and chloroquine were suspended by WHO from Solidarity trial because of their safety and efficacy concerns. However, there were neither effective specific antivirals nor drug combinations approved which were supported by great-level of clinical evidence.Copyright © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Favipiravir is a pyrazine carboxamide derivative discovered by Toyama chemical of Japan to act against many RNA viruses (potent broad spectrum inhibitor of Influenza & other RNA viruses). The present study gives the development of the RP HPLC method by using Quality by Design followed by validation of developed method for estimation co Favipiravir in bulk and tablet dosage form. The central composite method was applied on organic Phase concentration & buffer PH for initial Screening studies. The selection of optimum chromatographic condition was carried out by design space numerical, graphical optimization on retention time, Peak asymmetry & Theoretical Plates. Optimized analytical method consisted Acetonitrile: water (80:20%v/v) as mobile phase, pH 5, flow rate 1ml/min, a wavelength 323 nm. Favipiravir was eluted with retention time 2.7 min & peak area 51248, Favipiravir showed good linear relationship in range of 10-90 microg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985. The % RSD for intraday, inter day precision & Repeatability was found to be 0.88, 0.65 & 0.97 respectively. Limit of detection & quantification was found to be 104.44 microg/ml &. 316.5 microg/ml. The method validation parameters were in the prescribed limit as per ICH guidelines. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Radiology is one of the major fields in carrying out diseases. Different input forms come under this field like Xray, CT-SCAN and MRI. As computer vision is one of the prominent fields which is helping radiologist now days. This research detect the different opacities in the CT-scan of infected patients viz. Ground-Glass Opacity, Consolidation Opacity and Crazy Paving Opacity, which in turn will help the clinical doctors all over the world, to do a quick diagnose in the detection of Corona Virus with Deep Learning. This model has overcome the results of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) which is not very efficient in the early diagnosis of the symptoms in the affected patients because its results are not stable for the first two weeks and it can detect some of the symptoms only after the level of infection is increased gradually up to a certain level. This model achieve an accuracy of 97.4% © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Present world! If we utter these words in the present scenario, they will reflect with their truest meaning even in the mind of a lay man of a country. Yes, this is the impact of the Corona Virus Pandemic 2019 which has made the whole world stand in the same line today. We are feeling globally, watching globally and learning globally. COVID -19 Pandemic causes deadly effects on human populations all over the world. Millions of deaths have occurred and more than billions are suffering from this deadly disease. Present study is based on the effects of Pandemic Covid -19 on environment and Human society. On environment issues we focus on the hydrological study of river Ganga near Bijnor District and on wild life. Social aspect specially focuses on the behavioral changes in human beings during lockdown period. Study indicates that all living beings, except human feel happy during lock down. This chapter includes analysis of water quality of lotic system and ethological changes of the animals. Results indicate that significant changes occur in aquatic life and the noticeable changes were found in the behavior of human beings.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) is the most contagious virus, which has been character-ized as a global pandemic by WHO. The pathological cycle of COVID-19 virus can be specified as RNAaemia, severe pneumonia, along with the Ground-glass opacity (GGO), and acute cardiac in-jury. The S protein of Coronavirus has been reported to be involved in the entry of the virus into the host cell, which can be accomplished by direct membrane fusion between the virus and plasma membrane. In the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi membrane, the newly formed enveloped glyco-proteins are introduced. The spread of disease occurs due to contact and droplets unleashed by the vesicles holding the virus particles combined with the plasma membrane to the virus released by the host. The present manuscript describes the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and various treatment strategies that include drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug, antibodies: SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody CR3022 and plasma treatment facili-tate the therapeutic effect. © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is a disease caused by the newly discovered novel Coronavirus. The first case of SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 which later turned out pandemic affecting large population across the world till now. Aim: This study aimed to review morphological differences of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses belongs to beta coronaviruses and to analyze the effect of various factors on the spread of disease. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 causes a severe acute respiratory illness with morbidity rate up to 3%. Despite 79% similarity with SARS-CoV, key differences have been observed in spike glycoprotein, 2 accessory proteins and 2 non-structural proteins (nsp). High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 across the globe may be associated with these genetic differences. However, geographical differences in cases also suggest the influence of natural immunity, climatic conditions on disease spread. Unavailability of an effective vaccine and antiviral therapy left only social distancing and lockdown as an option to minimize disease spread. Further investigations are needed to know the mode of transmission, resistance to environmental factors. The developments of vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in many countries are in Phase II & III of clinical trial whereas many drugs have been repurposed to check their efficacy in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. . © IJCRR.